Hive Wiki: Einsteinium

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Einsteinium () is a metallic synthetic element. On the periodic table, it is represented by the symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and seventh in the series of Actinides. It was named in honour of Albert Einstein. (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.)

Properties

Its position on the periodic table indicates that its chemical and physical properties are similar to other metals. Though only small amounts have ever been made, it has been determined to be silver-colored. (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) According to tracer studies conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory using the isotope ²⁵³Es, this element has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. (Einsteinium - Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2 December 2007.)

Like all synthetic elements, isotopes of einsteinium are radioactive.

Production

Einsteinium does not occur naturally in any measurable quantities. The modern process of creating the element starts with the irradiation of plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor for several years. The resulting plutonium-242 isotope (in the form of the compound plutonium(IV) oxide) is mixed with aluminium and formed into pellets. The pellets are then further irradiated for approximately one year in a nuclear reactor. Another four months of irradiation is required in a different reactor. The result is a mixture of californium and einsteinium, which can then be separated. (Einsteinium - Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2 December 2007.)

Uses

Aside from being the byproduct of creating other elements, or a step in the production of other elements, einsteinium has no known uses. (It's Elemental - The Element Einsteinium. Retrieved 2 December 2007.)

History

Einsteinium was first identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley. ( (#1) ) He was examining debris from the first hydrogen bomb test of November 1952 (see Operation Ivy). (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) ( (#2) ) He discovered the isotope ²⁵³Es (half-life 20.5 days) that was made by the neutron capture of 15 neutrons with ²³⁸U (which then went through seven beta decays). These findings were kept secret until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. ( (#3) )

Isotopes of einsteinium were produced shortly afterward at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in a nuclear fusion reaction between ¹⁴N and ²³⁸U ( (#4) ) and later by intense neutron irradiation of plutonium in the Materials Testing Reactor. ( (#5) )

In 1961, enough einsteinium was synthesized to prepare a microscopic amount of ²⁵³Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 mg and was measured using a special balance. The material produced was used to produce mendelevium. Further einsteinium has been produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor in Tennessee by bombarding ²³⁹Pu with neutrons. Around 3 milligrams were created over a four year program of irradiation and then chemical separation from a starting 1 kg of plutonium isotope.

Isotopes

Nineteen radioisotopes of einsteinium have been characterized, (Table of Isotopes decay data - LBNL Isotopes Project - LUNDS Universitet. Retrieved 25 November 2007.) with the most stable being ²⁵²Es with a half-life of 471.7 days, ²⁵⁴Es with a half-life of 275.7 days, ²⁵⁵Es with a half-life of 39.8 days, and ²⁵³Es with a half-life of 20.47 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 40 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 minutes. This element also has three meta states, with the most stable being ^254mEs (t_½ 39.3 hours). The isotopes of einsteinium range in atomic mass from 240.069 u (²⁴⁰Es) to 258.100 u (²⁵⁸Es). The most original isotope is the ²⁵²Es.

Known compounds

The following is a list of all known compounds of einsteinium: (Chemistry : Periodic Table : einsteinium : compounds information - WebElements. Retrieved 2 December 2007.)

[EsBr]Create?₂ einsteinium(II) bromide
[EsBr]Create?₃ einsteinium(III) bromide
[EsCl]Create?₂ einsteinium(II) chloride
[EsCl]Create?₃ einsteinium(III) chloride
EsF₃ einsteinium(III) fluoride
EsI₂ einsteinium(II) iodide
EsI₃ einsteinium(III) iodide
Es₂O₃ einsteinium(III) oxide

References

Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1

External links

Category:Chemical elements Category:Actinides Category:Albert Einstein Category:Synthetic elements

ar:أينشتاينيوم az:Eynşteynium bn:আইনস্টাইনিয়াম be:Эйнштэйній bs:Ajnštajnijum ca:Einsteini cs:Einsteinium co:Einsteiniu da:Einsteinium de:Einsteinium et:Einsteinium el:Αϊνσταΐνιο es:Einstenio eo:Ejnŝtejnio eu:Einstenio fa:اینشتینیوم fr:Einsteinium fur:Einsteini gv:Einsteinium gl:Einstenio ko:아인슈타이늄 hy:Էյնշտեյնիում hr:Einsteinij io:Einsteinio id:Einsteinium it:Einsteinio he:איינשטייניום jv:Einsteinium ka:აინშტაინიუმი ht:Achtaynyòm la:Einsteinium lv:Einšteinijs lb:Einsteinium lt:Einšteinis jbo:jinmrtainctaini hu:Einsteinium ml:ഐന്‍സ്റ്റീനിയം ms:Einsteinium nl:Einsteinium ja:アインスタイニウム no:Einsteinium nn:Einsteinium pl:Einstein (pierwiastek) pt:Einstênio ro:Einsteiniu ru:Эйнштейний scn:Einsteiniu simple:Einsteinium sk:Einsteinium sl:Ajnštajnij sr:Ајнштајнијум sh:Ajnštajnijum fi:Einsteinium sv:Einsteinium th:ไอน์สไตเนียม tr:Aynştaynyum uk:Ейнштейній zh:锿

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Hive Wiki: Einsteinium

Creating new pages is simple with Hive Wiki. Hive Wikis let you link to pages that don't yet exist, and the Hive Wiki makes organization easy. Get Your Free Hive Wiki Now! Home \| Edit \| Index \| Recent Changes Just visited: Mendelevium \| Neodymium \| Investigate - Human brains surviving outside the body \| Caesium \| Software Einsteinium () is a metallic synthetic element. On the periodic table, it is represented by the symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is the seventh transuranic element, and seventh in the series of Actinides. It was named in honour of Albert Einstein. (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) Properties Its position on the periodic table indicates that its chemical and physical properties are similar to other metals. Though only small amounts have ever been made, it has been determined to be silver-colored. (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) According to tracer studies conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory using the isotope ²⁵³Es, this element has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. (Einsteinium - Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) Like all synthetic elements, isotopes of einsteinium are radioactive. Production Einsteinium does not occur naturally in any measurable quantities. The modern process of creating the element starts with the irradiation of plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor for several years. The resulting plutonium-242 isotope (in the form of the compound plutonium(IV) oxide) is mixed with aluminium and formed into pellets. The pellets are then further irradiated for approximately one year in a nuclear reactor. Another four months of irradiation is required in a different reactor. The result is a mixture of californium and einsteinium, which can then be separated. (Einsteinium - Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) Uses Aside from being the byproduct of creating other elements, or a step in the production of other elements, einsteinium has no known uses. (It's Elemental - The Element Einsteinium. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) History Einsteinium was first identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley. ( (#1) ) He was examining debris from the first hydrogen bomb test of November 1952 (see Operation Ivy). (Einsteinium - National Research Council Canada. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) ( (#2) ) He discovered the isotope ²⁵³Es (half-life 20.5 days) that was made by the neutron capture of 15 neutrons with ²³⁸U (which then went through seven beta decays). These findings were kept secret until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. ( (#3) ) Isotopes of einsteinium were produced shortly afterward at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in a nuclear fusion reaction between ¹⁴N and ²³⁸U ( (#4) ) and later by intense neutron irradiation of plutonium in the Materials Testing Reactor. ( (#5) ) In 1961, enough einsteinium was synthesized to prepare a microscopic amount of ²⁵³Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 mg and was measured using a special balance. The material produced was used to produce mendelevium. Further einsteinium has been produced at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor in Tennessee by bombarding ²³⁹Pu with neutrons. Around 3 milligrams were created over a four year program of irradiation and then chemical separation from a starting 1 kg of plutonium isotope. Isotopes Nineteen radioisotopes of einsteinium have been characterized, (Table of Isotopes decay data - LBNL Isotopes Project - LUNDS Universitet. Retrieved 25 November 2007.) with the most stable being ²⁵²Es with a half-life of 471.7 days, ²⁵⁴Es with a half-life of 275.7 days, ²⁵⁵Es with a half-life of 39.8 days, and ²⁵³Es with a half-life of 20.47 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 40 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 30 minutes. This element also has three meta states, with the most stable being ^254mEs (t_½ 39.3 hours). The isotopes of einsteinium range in atomic mass from 240.069 u (²⁴⁰Es) to 258.100 u (²⁵⁸Es). The most original isotope is the ²⁵²Es. Known compounds The following is a list of all known compounds of einsteinium: (Chemistry : Periodic Table : einsteinium : compounds information - WebElements. Retrieved 2 December 2007.) [EsBr]Create?₂ einsteinium(II) bromide [EsBr]Create?₃ einsteinium(III) bromide [EsCl]Create?₂ einsteinium(II) chloride [EsCl]Create?₃ einsteinium(III) chloride EsF₃ einsteinium(III) fluoride EsI₂ einsteinium(II) iodide EsI₃ einsteinium(III) iodide Es₂O₃ einsteinium(III) oxide References Guide to the Elements - Revised Edition, Albert Stwertka, (Oxford University Press; 1998) ISBN 0-19-508083-1 External links Los Alamos National Laboratory - Einsteinium It's Elemental - The Element Einsteinium WebElements.com - Einsteinium Albert Ghiorso about the discovery Einsteinium - Los Alamos National Laboratory Category:Chemical elements Category:Actinides Category:Albert Einstein Category:Synthetic elements ar:أينشتاينيوم az:Eynşteynium bn:আইনস্টাইনিয়াম be:Эйнштэйній bs:Ajnštajnijum ca:Einsteini cs:Einsteinium co:Einsteiniu da:Einsteinium de:Einsteinium et:Einsteinium el:Αϊνσταΐνιο es:Einstenio eo:Ejnŝtejnio eu:Einstenio fa:اینشتینیوم fr:Einsteinium fur:Einsteini gv:Einsteinium gl:Einstenio ko:아인슈타이늄 hy:Էյնշտեյնիում hr:Einsteinij io:Einsteinio id:Einsteinium it:Einsteinio he:איינשטייניום jv:Einsteinium ka:აინშტაინიუმი ht:Achtaynyòm la:Einsteinium lv:Einšteinijs lb:Einsteinium lt:Einšteinis jbo:jinmrtainctaini hu:Einsteinium ml:ഐന്‍സ്റ്റീനിയം ms:Einsteinium nl:Einsteinium ja:アインスタイニウム no:Einsteinium nn:Einsteinium pl:Einstein (pierwiastek) pt:Einstênio ro:Einsteiniu ru:Эйнштейний scn:Einsteiniu simple:Einsteinium sk:Einsteinium sl:Ajnštajnij sr:Ајнштајнијум sh:Ajnštajnijum fi:Einsteinium sv:Einsteinium th:ไอน์สไตเนียม tr:Aynştaynyum uk:Ейнштейній zh:锿 From Perodic Table Cached copy until 8:09:28 AM 283 hits This Page: Edit \| History This Wiki: Home \| Related To Einsteinium \| Index \| Recent Changes \| Random Page \| Search Login \| Create New Wiki \| Wiki List 9/9/2010 12:12 AM v0.61.106 ADBEFEED
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